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🏰 Aurangzeb Alamgiri – Introduction
Birth and Name:
Aurangzeb Alamgiri was born in 1618 .
His real name was Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad .
He was given the title of “ Alamgir ”, which means “the one who conquers the world” .
Coming to the Gaddi:
In 1658 , he succeeded his father Shah Jahan as the head of the Mughal Sultanate .
His reign was the longest (about 50 years) in the Mughal Empire.
Vast Expansion of the Mughal Empire:
During the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire had reached its greatest extent .
Most of India was under Mughal control – from the North to the Deccan.
Following Islamic rules:
Aurangzeb was a very strict and religious king.
He implemented Islamic law (Sharia) in his rule.
Jizya tax (which was imposed on Hindus) was reintroduced.
Vivadaspad Policies:
He was in controversy for demolishing many temples and adopting a harsh policy towards Hindu states .
This led to many rebellions and wars – such as the wars with the Marathas and the Deccan Sultanates .
Antim Daur:
In the last days of his rule, the economic crisis and weakness of the state increased.
After that the Mughal Sultanate gradually declined .
Death and Effects:
Aurangzeb died in 1707 .
His life left a deep impact on the history of India – remembered for religious politics, imperial expansion and the harshness of governance.
Time Period
:The Mughal Empire ruled over a large part of India from 1526 to 1857.
This empire lasted for about 300 years and became an important part of Indian history.
Founder and Origin :
The founder of this empire was Babur, who started the Mughal Sultanate by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.
Babur was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, meaning his bloodline was connected to both.
Expansion and Major Rulers:
Some famous emperors made the empire strong and big:
Akbar the Great: He carried out most reforms and tried to unite all religions.
Jahangir: Was fond of art and painting.
Shah Jahan: He built monuments like the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort.
Aurangzeb: He expanded the empire the most, but at the same time his rule was very strict.
Culture and Art:
The Mughals created a new fusion by combining Persian, Central Asian and Indian culture.
During his time there was a golden period of architecture, painting and literature .
Famous buildings: Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, and Red Fort. Administration and Economy:
The Mughals created a strong governance system.
Akbar started the Zabt system through which tax collection became organised.
Economy is mainly based on agriculture and trade.
Military Power:
The Mughals had a strong army, which included both cavalry and artillery.
Gunpowder weapons were used for the first time on a large scale.
Decline of Empire:
After Aurangzeb, the empire began to weaken – political fights and regional revolts increased.
Later Persian and Afghan attacks took place and British rule increased.
Finally, after the Revolt of 1857, the last emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was removed by the British. Legacy:
The Mughal period left a profound impact on Indian culture, architecture, and administration.
Even today the monuments built by him are the identity of India.
👑 Who was Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658–1707)
Full Name:
Muhi al-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir
His full name was Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I.
Birth and Death:
Born: 3 November 1618
Died: 3 March 1707
Aurangzeb was born in Dahod, Gujarat and died in Ahmadnagar.
Dynasty and Position :
He was the sixth emperor (sixth Mughal ruler) of the Mughal Sultanate.
He ruled from 1658 to 1707 – the longest and most extensive reign in Mughal history.
📜 Main Achievements
The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent during his rule – almost the entire Indian subcontinent came under its control.
He was a disciplined and law-following ruler – he himself lived a simple life.
Made both the government and the military strong.
He imposed taxes and regulations on many temples and forts – which became controversial during his time.
⚔️ Military Campaigns
Long wars were fought against the Marathas and Bijapur in South India (Deccan).
Many regions were conquered – but a lot of money and army was spent in these wars.
Due to these campaigns, the empire started becoming financially weak.
🕌 Religious Policies
Followed Islamic law (Sharia).
Art forms like music and painting were banned.
Jizya tax (tax levied on non-Muslims) started again.
For all these reasons some people call him a strict and intolerant ruler.
⚖️ Controversies & Legacy
Some historians say – he was cruel and did religion-based politics.
Others say – he was an honest and disciplined ruler who wanted to strengthen the Mughal system.
After his death the empire slowly began to weaken.
👶 Early Life and Background of Aurangzeb Alamgir
Birth: 3 November 1618, Dahod, Malwa (present day Gujarat, India).
Parents: Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (for whom the Taj Mahal was built).
Position in Family: He was the third son of Shah Jahan.
📚 Personality & Interests
Since childhood he was serious-minded and deeply religious.
He was very interested in Islamic studies and scholarship.
He became known for his strong military and administrative skills early in his life.
⚔️ Struggle for Throne (1657–1658)
When Shah Jahan fell ill in 1657, a battle for the throne broke out between his sons.
The biggest fight was between Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh (Dara was his father's favourite).
Aurangzeb, displaying his strategy, planning and ruthlessness, defeated Dara Shikoh in the Battle of Samugarh (1658).
👑 Becoming the Emperor
After the Battle of Succession (1658):
Aurangzeb imprisoned his father Shah Jahan in Agra Fort in July 1658 to secure his power.
Shah Jahan's last life:
Shah Jahan remained under house arrest for 8 years (1658–1666).
He spent his last days visiting the Taj Mahal – the same monument he had commissioned for Mumtaz Mahal.
Eliminating Rivals:
To strengthen his power, Aurangzeb eliminated his brothers and rivals.
The most famous among these were:
Dara Shikoh (defeated and killed in battle)
Murad Baksh (hanged)
Power Consolidation:
After all these actions, Aurangzeb completely gained control over the Mughal throne.
In 1658 he officially became the sixth Mughal Emperor.
Reign Period:
His reign lasted from 1658 to 1707, approximately 49 years – the longest reign in Mughal history.
Expansion and Military Campaigns of Aurangzeb Alamgir Aurangzeb expanded the scope of the Mughal Empire through his military efforts and planning. His main focus was on the Deccan region of South India, where he fought long wars against the Marathas - first against Shivaji, and then even during the time of his son Sambhaji. The Marathas caused a lot of trouble to the Mughals with their guerrilla warfare technique, in which despite capturing many forts, the Mughals could not gain complete control. Aurangzeb also fought with the Rajputs and Sikhs, who offered a fierce resistance to the Mughal rule. He conquered the Deccan sultanates of Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687), extending his empire into South India, and Mughal power reached its historic zenith. His campaign in the Deccan lasted for nearly 30 years, exhausting Mughal treasury and resources. Even after Sambhaji's assassination, Maratha resistance continued, stinging Mughal power.
Religious Policies and Controversies of Aurangzeb Alamgir
Strict Islamic Rule :
Aurangzeb was a Sunni Muslim ruler who wanted to follow Islamic law (Sharia) completely.
He tried to impose Islamic values and discipline throughout his empire.
Contrast with Akbar's Tolerance:
Where Akbar maintained tolerance and harmony among all religions,
Aurangzeb also banned some non-Muslim practices.
He reintroduced the Jizya tax (which was imposed on non-Muslims) in 1679.
Temple Demolitions :
Some Hindu temples were demolished during his rule, such as:
Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Varanasi)
Keshav Rai Temple (Mathura)
These decisions are still a subject of historical debate –
Some people say this was done for political reasons,
While some say this is due to religious jealousy.
Impact on Hindu Communities:
His strict policies damaged relations with Hindu communities such as Rajputs, Marathas and Sikhs.
In the beginning some Rajputs were with him,
But later many people rebelled.
Changes in Administration:
Aurangzeb removed many Hindu officers from high posts.
This weakened internal unity and increased unrest in the empire.
Different Historical Views :
Supporters say that Aurangzeb was a pious ruler who strengthened Islam.
Critics say that his rigid policies increased division and conflict within the Mughal Empire.
Summary :
Aurangzeb's religious policies made his reign a controversial chapter.
He expanded the Mughal Empire,
But his religious rigidity weakened unity and stability.
1. Who was Aurangzeb Alamgir?
A) Mughal poet
B) Mughal emperor
C) Rajput ruler
D) British officer
Answer: B) Mughal emperor
2. Aurangzeb belonged to which religion?
A) Hindu
B) Sikh
C) Sunni Muslim
D) Shia Muslim
Answer: C) Sunni Muslim
3. Aurangzeb ruled according to which law?
A) Hindu law
B) British law
C) Islamic law (Sharia)
D) Customary law
Answer: C) Islamic law (Sharia)
4. What was the main difference between Akbar and Aurangzeb's rule?
A) Akbar was strict; Aurangzeb tolerant
B) Both were tolerant
C) Akbar was tolerant; Aurangzeb strict
D) Both were strict
Answer: C) Akbar was tolerant; Aurangzeb strict
5. What was the Jizya tax?
A) Tax on trade
B) Tax on non-Muslims
C) Tax on soldiers
D) Tax on farmers
Answer: B) Tax on non-Muslims
6. When did Aurangzeb reintroduce Jizya tax?
A) 1669
B) 1679
C) 1658
D) 1700
Answer: B) 1679
7. Who ordered the demolition of Kashi Vishwanath Temple?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Aurangzeb
D) Shah Jahan
Answer: C) Aurangzeb
8. Keshav Rai Temple is located in which city?
A) Delhi
B) Agra
C) Mathura
D) Lahore
Answer: C) Mathura
9. Why were temples demolished under Aurangzeb?
A) For political and religious reasons
B) For construction purposes
C) For trade
D) For charity
Answer: A) For political and religious reasons
10. Which communities turned against Aurangzeb?
A) Rajputs, Marathas, Sikhs
B) British, Portuguese
C) Afghans, Persians
D) Chinese, Turks
Answer: A) Rajputs, Marathas, Sikhs
11. Did all Rajputs oppose Aurangzeb initially?
A) Yes
B) No
Answer: B) No
12. What administrative change did Aurangzeb make?
A) Increased Hindu officers
B) Removed Hindu officers from high posts
C) Appointed Europeans
D) None of these
Answer: B) Removed Hindu officers from high posts.
13. What was the effect of removing Hindu officers?
A) Empire strengthened
B) Internal unity weakened
C) British alliance formed
D) Trade increased
Answer: B) Internal unity weakened
14. What do supporters say about Aurangzeb?
A) He was a pious ruler
B) He was cruel
C) He was a weak king
D) He was lazy
Answer: A) He was a pious ruler
15. What do critics say about Aurangzeb?
A) He united the empire
B) His policies created division
C) He improved the economy
D) He reduced taxes
Answer: B) His policies created division
16. Did Aurangzeb expand the Mughal Empire?
A) Yes
B) No
Answer: A) Yes
17. What was the effect of his religious rigidity?
A) Unity increased
B) Stability decreased
C) Power increased
D) None of these
Answer: B) Stability decreased
18. How do historians view Aurangzeb's rule?
A) Peaceful period
B) Golden Age
C) Controversial period
D) Modern age
Answer: C) Controversial period
19. What was the main controversy during Aurangzeb's rule?
A) Religious policies and temple demolitions
B) Foreign invasion
C) Economic reforms
D) Architecture
Answer: A) Religious policies and temple demolitions
20. What was the overall impact of Aurangzeb's policies?
A) Strengthened unity
B) Increased conflict and division
C) Brought prosperity
D) Improved relations
Answer: B) Increased conflict and division
⚖️ Aurangzeb: Myths, Misunderstandings, and Historical Debates
Aurangzeb remains the subject of much misunderstanding and debate even today. Many people—especially within certain sections of Hindu society—view him as an "anti-Hindu" ruler. But every story in history has two aspects.
1. Why Many People See Aurangzeb Negatively
He reimposed the Jizya tax, which was imposed on non-Muslims – this made people think that he was anti-Hindu.
During his tenure, orders were given to demolish some temples, due to which his image became more negative.
He ruled according to Sharia (Islamic Law), and banned entertainment such as music, dance, and alcohol in court – which people began to consider a rule of “strict and blind faith”.
Aurangzeb defeated and killed his brother Dara Shikoh, who advocated Hindu-Muslim unity – this also created his image as an “intolerant” ruler.
2. But There's Another Side Too (Lesser Known Facts)
Historians tell us that he also protected many temples, for example, some records of the old Kashi Vishwanath temple mention that he granted jagir to some pundits.
He gave land grant for Someshwar Temple (Banaras) .
Some Jain temples and Hindu Pandits were also given tax-free land.
Aurangzeb demolished the Kashi Vishwanath Temple , but also protected some other temples whose priests were loyal.
Meaning, he was not completely anti-temple – he took some actions for political and security reasons , but his approach on the religious level was mixed.
🔱 About Aurangzeb and temples
There is considerable debate among historians about how many temples Aurangzeb built .
Most historical records indicate that he demolished some temples , granted tax-free land (inam) to others , and allowed others to be repaired .
However, there is no solid evidence that he built new temples.
🕌 1. Proof of building the temple
There is no strong historical record that Aurangzeb himself built new Hindu temples.
Some say he rebuilt some temples for political reasons—but this is unconfirmed.
💰 2. Donations given to temples
Some documents exist that state that Aurangzeb granted money or land to certain temples for their maintenance.
For example:
He gave land grant to Someshwar Temple (Varanasi) and some Brahmin Pandits .
He also gave tax-free land to some Pandits, which is called “madad-e-maash”.
💸 3. Jizya Tax (tax on Non-Muslims)
In 1679, Aurangzeb reinstated the Jizya tax —an Islamic tax imposed on non-Muslims (especially Hindus). Akbar
had previously abolished this tax , but Aurangzeb reinstated it.
⚖️ 4. Restrictions and Policies
Restrictions were imposed on some Hindu festivals (like public celebrations).
There were restrictions on building new temples at many places.
But permission was also given to repair some old temples.
👳♂️ 5. Positive work for non-Muslims
He gave positions in the government to Rajput and Hindu officers (like Raja Jai Singh).
He gave grants to many Hindu temples and pundits , especially in South India.
He also respected some Gurus and Saints – but sometimes for political reasons.
📜 Summary
Aurangzeb focused more on controlling and maintaining temples than building them.
He also got some temples demolished and gave money or land to some temples .
His main focus was to strengthen Islamic rule , but he was not completely anti-Hindu.
He appointed many non-Muslims to the government and appreciated their service.
⚔️ Aurangzeb and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – Real History & Misunderstanding
Today, many people, especially some Hindu historians and social media users , view Aurangzeb negatively
. They say that Aurangzeb oppressed Hindus , destroyed temples, and that Shivaji Maharaj defeated the Mughals .
But the real history is a bit complex—it wasn't all one-sided.
🕌 1. Aurangzeb's Real Intention
Aurangzeb was a strict Islamic ruler .
His main focus was strengthening the Mughal Empire and enforcing Sharia law .
He believed in ruling in the name of religion, so he enacted some policies that were harsh on non-Muslims—such as the Jizya tax .
But he not only harbored enmity toward Hindus , but also killed his Muslim rivals
(such as his brother Dara Shikoh). Meaning, he was strict from both political and religious perspectives.
⚔️ 2. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj vs Aurangzeb
Shivaji Maharaj was a great warrior and freedom fighter who established the Maratha Empire against the Mughals .
His main aim was not to create a Hindu nation , but to create his own independent kingdom where there would be justice and people would be respected.
Shivaji Maharaj also employed Muslim soldiers and officers
in his army. He never discriminated against people on the basis of religion.
⚔️ 3. Did Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb?
Technically, Shivaji never personally defeated Aurangzeb , as the two engaged in very little direct combat.
However, Shivaji defeated the Mughal army at several locations and challenged their governors (such as Shaista Khan, Afzal Khan, and Jai Singh). He weakened
the Mughal Empire , but did not completely destroy it .
🕊️ 4. Why do Hindus call Aurangzeb bad?
Because he demolished some temples and imposed Jizya tax .
He fought with many Hindu rulers (Marathas, Rajputs).
His rule was strict, and religion-based discrimination began to take hold.
Therefore, the image in people's minds became that Aurangzeb was anti-Hindu.
But history isn't black and white ; it also has gray areas
. In some places, he gave money to Hindu priests , land to temples , and promoted Hindu officers —this is also a fact.
🌏 5. Real Understanding
Both Shivaji Maharaj and Aurangzeb were strong leaders of their beliefs and duty.
Shivaji Maharaj fought for his people.
Aurangzeb ruled his empire under Islamic law,
both of which were valid according to their respective ideologies.
📜 Conclusion (What is the truth?)
Aurangzeb was a powerful and strict ruler , but he did not do everything with enmity.
Shivaji Maharaj was a visionary leader who challenged the Mughal Empire and made his mark.
Both “wrote history” in their own way – and people remember them according to their faith.
🎵 Mashhoom Sharma's songs and the truth of history
The song composed by Mashhoom Sharma (in which he says “Akbar's army fled before Maharana Pratap” ),
It is based on the Battle of Haldighati (1576)
– which took place between Mughal Emperor Akbar and the Rajput king of Mewar, Maharana Pratap .
But the truth is not as simple as shown in the song.
⚔️ 1. Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Between whom did it take place?
This war took place:
Mughal Emperor Akbar 's general Raja Man Singh (who was himself a Hindu)
And between Mewar ruler Maharana Pratap Singh .
That means this was not directly between Akbar and Maharana Pratap
, but between Raja Man Singh (Akbar's commander) and Pratap 's army.
⚔️ 2. Result of the war – Who won?
👉 Historically , the Battle of Haldighati was inconclusive –
meaning no one won completely.
Maharana Pratap showed great bravery, his horse Chetak also became famous.
But the Mughal army was much larger, so Pratap had to retreat from the battlefield .
Meaning, Mughals officially won , but Maharana Pratap never accepted defeat and continued to fight guerrilla war while staying in the jungle .
Later he won back his Mewar , but Chittorgarh remained with the Mughals.
🕌 3. What did Akbar do after Mewar?
Akbar tried to build friendly relations with the Rajput rulers.
He married several Rajput princesses and gave them high positions in the Mughal court .
He implemented the policy of religious tolerance (sulah-e-kul)
– in which both Hindus and Muslims were given equal respect.
So Akbar was not an anti-Hindu ruler
. In fact, the Mughal-Rajput alliance was the strongest during Akbar's time.
🐎 4. Real respect for Maharana Pratap
Maharana Pratap is a symbol of bravery —
he never bowed to the Mughals and fought for his freedom until the very end.
However, he didn't harbor a personal grudge against Akbar , but rather fought for his independence .
🎤 5. Purpose of Mashhoom Sharma's song
His song is emotional and pride-based ,
showcasing Rajput bravery and Hindu pride—
it's an artistic expression , not pure history .
He doesn't mention that the Mughal army also had many Hindu commanders ,
and that Maharana Pratap also employed many Muslim soldiers.
⚖️ 6. Real Historical Balance
Akbar – was a visionary emperor, who created religious unity and governance system .
Maharana Pratap – A fearless king who fought for freedom and dignity . Both were great
in their respective stands .
🕊️ (What is the truth?)
In reality, neither Akbar won the battle of Haldighati completely nor Maharana Pratap lost completely –
it was an incomplete battle in which both maintained their honour.
The Mughals have spread their blackberries, the lakhs of blackberries have spread, they have spread in the land of Rand, and he says – he will rule over those who were taking it lightly.”
🧠 Historical Meaning (understand clearly in Hindi):
The meaning of this line is that –
Maharana Pratap and his army showed courage to fight alone against a big and powerful empire like Mughal .
He neither had a large army nor modern weapons,
yet he went to the battlefield (Ranbhoomi) and fought against Akbar's Mughal forces.
This line salutes his bravery and self-respect
. That is, he is saying –
“Those who considered me weak, I will rule over them.”
No one rules like this, become a scoundrel within the Ladle songs or say anything, no one rules like this, nor will he.
⚖️ According to Historical Truth:
The Mughal army was really very large (around 80,000+ soldiers )
Maharana Pratap had an army of only around 20,000.
That happened in the Battle of Haldighati (1576)
And he never bowed his head before the Mughals.
This line is poetic, but it also reveals the truth within –
it says that “bravery is not about size, but about the heart.”
🧠 1. “ The Mughals have destroyed the country ”
➡️ Meaning: "He faced a large Mughal empire alone."
✅ Truth:
This is true for Maharana Pratap
. He refused to join forces with Akbar's Mughal Empire and chose to fight alone to preserve his independence . He did not become subservient to the Mughals—this is absolutely true .
⚔️ 2. “ Saval Lakh Te Kale Bhid Ge ”
➡️ Meaning: “One man (or a small army) fought against lakhs of Mughals.”
🟡 It is more poetic, but half true.
Akbar's Mughal army in the Battle of Haldighati (1576) had ~80,000 soldiers .
Maharana Pratap had only around 20,000 soldiers .
This means that "one and a quarter lakh" is an exaggeration (a poetic number), but "taking on a large empire with a small army" is a real historical fact .
🏹 3. “ They went to Rand Bhoomi and got buried ”
✅ Absolutely true.
Maharana Pratap personally took up his sword on the battlefield and fought on the front lines against a Mughal general .
Despite being a prince, he personally went to war—this demonstrates his bravery.
👑 4. “ I will rule over those who were taking it lightly .”
➡️ Meaning: “Those who considered us weak, we will rule over them.”
🟡 This line is spiritual and symbolic .
Maharana Pratap did not lose the Battle of Haldighati , but he did not win it either —it was a stalemate (both sides suffered losses).
Later, Pratap recaptured many of his forts and kingdom.
🧾Final Verdict (What is the Truth):
| Line | Truth | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Mughal te kale bhid ge | ✅ Sach | There is no question of anyone fighting alone in this. There were 80k+ soldiers on Mughal and 20k+ on Pratap. What did the Kale Bhid do in this? Akbar was talking and would have said in one go that if you want to cut off the neck of everyone then he would have cut off the neck. In this war neither anyone lost nor anyone won. The Kale Bhids would have believed when 80k+ soldiers showed victory to 20k soldiers then they would have said the Kale Bhids. |
| Saaval lakh te kalee bhid ge | 🟡 Poetic Exaggeration | If someone is a college student and there are 8, 9 or 10 students from the same college and they fight 100 all alone, then obviously they will lose. You will fight 4 and they will fight 50 and after getting beaten they will not say that 1.25 lakh people have lost their lives. |
| Rand Bhoomi me ja ke bhid ge | ✅ Sach | Maharana Pratap himself fought in the war with his team but he stopped the war. I will not say this but it must have been stopped because thousands of soldiers would have been killed in this war due to which Maharana Pratap would have become weak. |
| I will rule over those who take it lightly | 🟡I can't do this alone | Akbar never completely destroyed the world because he did not like to kill anyone just like that, if he had, he would have chopped off everyone's neck, there were 80k+ views on him. |
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